Toxicity of subacute oral administration of cypermethrin in rats with special reference to histopathological changes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v3i4.104Abstract
Pyrethrins are obtained from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium. These are strong insecticides with low mammaliantoxicity. The toxic effects of pyrethroid cypermethrin were studied using various biochemical parameters along with histopathological changes in a 30-day study in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into two groups. Rats of the test group were given sublethal doses of cypermethrin (14.5 mg/kg) by gavage once daily for 30 days and the control rats were given an equal volume of the vehicle. The animals were sacrificed on day 0, 10, 20 and 30 of the study. The results showed that cypermethrin caused a significant increase in the levels of serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and plasma creatinine. It significantly lowered the levels of total proteins. The histopathological studies on various organs like liver, lungs, kidneys and heart were carried out. The
changes in various biochemical parameters correlated well with the histopathological changes in various organs. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that subacute oral administration of cypermethrin, even in low doses such as 1/10 LD50 for 30 days induces toxic effects on different vital organs.
Key words: Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, pyrethrins, subacute toxicity
Downloads
References
ATSDR. Toxicological profile of pyrethrins and pyrethroids.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), US
Dept of Health and Human Services, Atlanta GA: 2003.
Soderlund DM, Clark JM, Sheets LP, Murlin LS, Piccirillo VJ,
Weiner ML. Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: Implications
for cumulative risk assessment. Toxicology 2002;171:3-59.
Amveg EL, Weston DP, Ureda NM. Use and toxicity of Pyrethroid
pesticides in central valley, California USA. Environ Toxicol Chem
;24:966-72.
Shakoori AR, Ali SS, Saleem MA. Effects of six months feeding
of cypermethrin on the blood and liver of albino rats. J Biochem
Toxicol 1988;3:59-71.
Heudorf U, Angerer J, Drexier H. Current internal exposure to
pesticides in children and adolescents in Germany: Urinary levels
of metabolites of pyrethroids and OP insecticides. Int Arch Occup
Environ Health 2004;77:67-72.
Berkowitz GS, Obel J, Deych E, Lapinski R, Godbold J, Liu Z.
Exposure to indoor pesticides during pregnancy in a multiethnic,
urban cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:79-84.
Yanez L, Ortiz D, Calderon J, Batres L, Carrizales L, Mejia J.
Overview of human health and chemical mixtures: Problems
facing developing countries. Environ Health Perspect
;110:901- 9.
Pandit S, Sur TK, Jana U, Debnath PK, Sen S, Bhattacharya D.
Prevention of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats
by Adhatoda Vasica leaves. Indian J Pharmacol 2004;36:312-20.
Mehboob M, Kaiser J. Effects of organophosphorus pesticide on
hepatic and extrahepatic phase-II enzyme of male Wister rats.
Indian J Pharmacol 2000;32:167-8.
Wolansky MJ, Gennings C, Krofton KM. Relative potencies for
acute effects of pyrethroids on motor function in rats. Toxicol Sci
;89:271-7.
Galloway T, Handy R. Immunotoxicity of OP pesticides.
Ecotoxicology 2003;12:345-63.
Landrigan PJ, Claudio L, Markowitz SB, Berkowitz GS, Brenner BL,
Romeo H. Pesticides and inner city children: Exposures, risks and
prevention. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107:431-7.
Casida JE. Pyrethrum flowers and pyrethroid insecticides. Environ
Health Perspect 1980;34:189-202.
Suganthy M, Kuttalam S. Organochlorine and chlorpyriphos
insecticide residues in market samples of meat. Pestology
;27:51-4.
Schettgen T, Heudorf U, Drexler H, Angerer J. Pyrethroid
exposure of the general population: Is this due to diet? Toxicol
Lett 2002;134:141-5.
Reitman S, Frankel SA. Colorimetric method for the determination
of glutaminoxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase.
Am J Clin Pathol 1957;28:56-63.
Bergmeyer HU, Bernt E, Hess B. Lactate dehydrogenase. Methods
of enzymatic analysis. In: Bergmeyer HU, editor. London:
Academic Press; 1974. p. 735.
Toro G, Ackerman N. Practical clinical chemistry; 1975. p. 154.
Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein
measurement with folin-phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;93 265-75.
Cantalamessa F. Acute toxicity of two pyrethroids, permethrin and
cypermethrin in neonatal and adult rats. Arch Toxicol 1993;67:510-3.
Atessahin A, Yilmaz S, Karahan I, Tasmedir PB. The effects of
vitamin E and selenium on cypermethrin induced oxidative stress
in rats. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2005;29:385-91.
Whitby LG, Percy-Robb IW, Smith AT. Enzyme tests in diagnosis.
In: Smith AF, Whitby LG, Beckett GJ, editors. Lecture notes in
clinical chemistry. Blackwell Berlin: 3rd ed; 1984. p. 138.
Hoffmann WW, Graham ES, Baldwin BH, Wickenden C,
Tennant BC. Clinical enzymology. In: Loeb WF, Quimby FW, editors.
In: Clinical chemistry of laboratory animals. Philadelphia, PA: WB
Saunders Co.; 1999. p. 399-454.
Almdal TP, Vilstrup H. Strict insulin treatment normalizes the
organic nitrogen contents and the capacity of urea-N synthesis in
experimental diabetes in rats. Diabetelogica 1998;31:114-8.
Shaker N, Hassan GA, El-Nouty FD, Abo-Elezz Z, Abd-Allah GA.
In vivo chronic effect of dimethoate and deltamethrin on rabbits.
J Environ Sci Health B 1988;23:387-99.
